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Mary is known by many different titles (Blessed Mother, Virgin, Madonna, Our Lady), epithets (Star of the Sea, Queen of Heaven, Cause of Our Joy), invocations (''Theotokos'', ''Panagia'', Mother of Mercy) and other names (Our Lady of Loreto, Our Lady of Guadalupe). All of these titles refer to the same individual named Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ (in the New Testament) and are used variably by Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and some Anglicans. (Note: Mary Magdalene, Mary of Clopas, and Mary Salome are different individuals from Mary, mother of Jesus.) Many of the titles given to Mary are dogmatic in nature. Other titles are poetic or allegorical and have lesser or no canonical status, but which form part of popular piety, with varying degrees of acceptance by the clergy. Yet more titles refer to depictions of Mary in the history of art. ==Historical and cultural context== :''See also '':''History of Roman Catholic Mariology There are several stories on the significance of the relatively large number of titles given to Mary.〔(Univ of Dayton )〕〔(Orthodox titles )〕 Some titles grew due to geographic and cultural reasons, e.g. through the veneration of specific icons. Others were related to Marian apparitions. Mary's help is sought for large spectrum of human needs in varied situations. This led to the formulation of many of her titles (good counsel, help of the sick, etc.). Moreover, meditations and devotions on the different aspects of the Virgin Mary's role within the life of Jesus led to additional titles such as Our Lady of Sorrows.〔''The thousand faces of the Virgin Mary'' by George Henry Tavard, 1996 ISBN 0-8146-5914-4 page 95〕 Still further titles have been derived from dogmas and doctrines, e.g. the Immaculate Conception. Mary's cultus or "''devotional cult''" consolidated in the year 431 when, at the Council of Ephesus, "Nestorianism", which asserted Christ's dual personhood, was anathematized and the ''Theotokos'', or Mary as bearer (or mother) of God, was declared dogma. Henceforth Marian devotion—which centered on the subtle and complex relationship between Mary, Jesus, and the Church—would flourish, first in the East and later in the West. The Reformation diminished Mary's role in many parts of Northern Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Council of Trent and Counter Reformation would intensify Marian devotion in the West. Around the same period, Mary would become an instrument of evangelization in the Americas and parts of Asia and Africa, e.g. via the apparitions at Our Lady of Guadalupe which resulted in a large number of conversions to Christianity in Mexico. Following the Reformation, as of the 17th century, the baroque literature on Mary experienced unforeseen growth with over 500 pages of Mariological writings during the 17th century alone.〔A Roskovany, conceptu immacolata ex monumentis omnium seculrorum demonstrate III, Budapest 1873〕 During the Age of Enlightenment, the emphasis on scientific progress and rationalism put Catholic theology and Mariology often on the defensive in the later parts of the 18th century, to the extent that books such as ''The Glories of Mary'' (by Alphonsus Liguori) were written in defense of Mariology. The 20th century was dominated by a genuine Marian ethusiasm both at the papal and popular levels. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Titles of Mary」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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